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Independent reviewers confirmed a causal relationship between the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis, and also determined that, more broadly, intramuscular shots can cause a series of shoulder injuries.

At the same time, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) committee rejected a causal relationship between the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273 (Comirnaty and Spikevax, respectively) mRNA COVID vaccines and female infertility, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell's palsy, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), and myocardial infarction.

The evidence was also deemed enough to reject a causal link between the Pfizer vaccine and ischemic stroke. There was insufficient data to say the same for the Moderna one, however, according to a report commissioned by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), a subagency of the HHS. Head over to MedPage Today to read more about it.